Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay

Throughout history, the fastest increase rate in the average global temperature has been recorded during the past 50 years, and experts further believe that the trend is alarmingly accelerating. Global warming is a complex phenomenon, and its full-blown consequences are difficult to foresee ahead of time. Nevertheless, every year scientists gain more knowledge of how global warming is upsetting the planet, and many have the same opinion that definite outcomes are expected to take place if present trends persist. Unless Americans reduce global warming emissions, distressing and almost irreversible impact on the country, planet and its life will be greatly expected in the near future. United States Issues Air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide that is accumulating in the atmosphere is condensing extensively, trapping the heat of the sun and causing the earth to warm up. Despite the fact that Americans make up merely 4 percent of the world’s inhabitants, yet through fossil-fuel burning, they generate roughly 25 percent of the worldwide carbon dioxide pollution, which is considerably the largest share of any nation (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, the largest sources of carbon dioxide are the coal-burning power plants, producing 2. 5 billion tons annually; while automobiles running throughout the country’s streets are the second largest source, producing almost 1. 5 billion tons each year (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, global warming is already causing damage in its numerous regions. In June 2006, a panel organized by the United States National Research Council, the leading science policy body of the country, expressed confidence that the planet is the hottest it has been in at least four centuries, and probably even the last 20 centuries (â€Å"Global Warming†). Snow buildup in the United States has declined by almost 60 percent and winter seasons have abridged in a number of regions of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon since the early 1950s (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). Oregon, Arizona and Colorado suffered their most terrible wildlife seasons, and drought produced relentless dust storms in Kansas, Colorado and Montana, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in destruction in North Dakota, Kansas, Colorado and Montana. All the same, by the last part of the century, global warming is expected to further elevate the typical temperatures of the United States to three to nine degrees, which is expected to affect more of the country’s species and wildlife that cannot endure warmer environments. Americans wellbeing is as well in jeopardy, as abnormal climate changes may bring about the spread of certain illnesses, a greater possibility of heat stroke, poor air quality, and the flooding of the country’s foremost cities. Conclusion America must take a leadership function in solving the global warming crisis. Technologies exist today that make power plants produce electricity from nonpolluting sources, cars burn less gas and run cleaner, and electricity consumption lower and more efficient. Americans can take the initial move in seriously campaigning for energy conservation and manufacturing of more efficient appliances, as well as increase their reliance on renewable energy sources such as geothermal, sun and wind. Currently, the challenge for the country is to be certain that these solutions are implemented. Unfortunately, while the technologies are present, the country’s political and corporate will to put them into extensive exploitation are waning. Without doubt, every Americans must demand for it if development and environmental sustainability are desired to be achieved. Works Cited â€Å"Global Warming. † 2008. Standford SOLAR Center. 16 March 2009 . â€Å"Global Warming Basics. † 18 October 2005. Natural Resources Defense Council. 16 March 2009 .

Callum

Themes TRENCH LIFE & BATTLE â€Å"Coughing Like Hags† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen â€Å"Guttering, choking, drowning† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen â€Å"Stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle† – Anthem for Doomed Youth, Wilfred Owen â€Å"A great mass of things unclean† – A Dead Boche, Robert Graves â€Å"Like several different kinds of Hell† –Brooke, in a letter on his day in the war â€Å"So much muscle and blood in the Earth† Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"Beyond the boundaries of human behaviour† -Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"The turned soil and torn flesh of war. – Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"Meanwhile my self etcetera lay quietly in the deep mud† – my sweet old etcetera, e. e. cummings â€Å"You think there’s no limit to what a man can bear? †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Stanhope in Journey’s End, Sherriff LOSS â€Å"They expected to die† – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å"A dust whom England bore† – The Soldier, Brooke â€Å"Gentleness, in hearts at peace, under an English Heaven† – The Soldier, Brooke â€Å"As scared as any frightened child† – The Deserter, Letts â€Å"Looking on the face of grief, the face of dread† – June 1915, Charlotte Mew â€Å"The soldier dying dies upon a kiss,The very kiss of Christ† – Summer in England 1914, Alice Meynell â€Å" The holy glimmer of goodbyes† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen â€Å" Each slow dusk a drawing down of blinds† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen PATRIOTISM â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Owen â€Å" Who’ll give his country a hand? † – [i]Who’s For The Game, Jessie Pope â€Å" my father used to become hoarse talking about how it was a privilege† – my sweet old etcetera, e. e. cumming s â€Å" There’s something rather romantic about it all† – Osborne in Journey’s End, Sherriff â€Å" He looked splendid.It – sort of made me feel†¦keen to get out here† – Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff â€Å" My hatred of the Kaiser is love true† – This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong – Thomas â€Å"As we love ourselves, we hate her foe† – This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong, Thomas WOMEN AND THEIR ROLES â€Å"You love us when we’re heroes† – Glory Of Women, Sassoon â€Å" Come along lads† – Who’s For The Game, Jessie Pope â€Å" Isabel created hundreds (and hundreds) of socks†Ã¢â‚¬â€œmy sweet old etcetera, cummings â€Å" Can’t you see it isn’t decent, to flout and goad men into doing what is not asked of you? – The Jingo-Woman, Helen Hamilton â€Å" We dare not weep who must be brave in battle† – Of All Who Died In Silence Far Away, Iris Tree â€Å" Anyone affected by the war is entitled to comment upon it† – Nasheen Khan GENERAL â€Å" Not quite clear†¦what the fuss was about† – He Went For A Soldier, Ruth Mitchell â€Å" The political errors and insincerities† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" A war of aggression and conquest† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" I am acting on behalf of soldiers† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" An exploration of how far men can be degraded† – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å" You are going to fight and you are going to win. – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å" They didn’t believe in shellshock at all†¦it was just cowardice† – Regeneration, Pat Barker â€Å" The pity and terror the war experience inevitably evoked† – Regeneration, Pat Barker â€Å"It all seems rather silly, doesn†™t it? † – Raleigh in Journey’s End, Sherriff â€Å" My subject is war and the pity of war. † – Wilfred Owen CRITICAL COMMENTS ON THE WAR CANON â€Å" Passive suffering is not a theme for poetry† – Yeats â€Å"War equates with ombat thus limiting the canon† – James Campbell â€Å" The knowledge of combat is a prerequisite for the production of a literary text that adequately deals with war† – James Campbell â€Å"Anyone affected by war is entitled to comment upon it† – Nasheen Khan â€Å" The spectator, the contemplator, the opposer of war have their hours with the enemy no less than uniformed combatants† – Richard Eberhart Pre-WWI Literature ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson †¢ Disastrous incident in the Crimean war. †¢ â€Å"Into the valley of death/ Rode the six hundred† – Celebrates devotion to duty and heroism in the face of certain death.The glamour of chivalry. †¢ â€Å"Honour the Charge they made! † â€Å"While horse and hero fell† – patriotic, presents war positively. †¢ â€Å"Someone had blunder'd† – blames Generals – interesting as it is before WWI, about the Boer war. So perhaps realistic in this sense? ‘Vitai Lampada, by Sir Henry Newbolt’ †¢ About the Boer War †¢ â€Å"The Gatling’s lamed and the colonel dead† – Presents the actuality of the war, reality. †¢ â€Å"The sand of the desert is sodden dead† – realism, huge scale of death. Alliteration of â€Å"s† and â€Å"d†. †¢ â€Å"But the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks, ‘play up! Play up! And play the game! – Compares war to a game of cricket, euphemism of war. Early War Literature – (1914-1915) ‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke †¢ â€Å"Some corner of a fo reign field/that is forever England† – Idealised. Accused of naivete and being a ‘ridiculous pastoral’. †¢ â€Å"If I should die, think only this of me† – More than a sentimental patriotic verse. The word ‘think’ acts as a message from Brooke for people to remember him. †¢ A dialogue between the living (survivors and civilians) and the dead (or soon-to-be). ‘The Call’ by Jessie Pope †¢ Jessie Pope (a. k. a Owen's arch-nemesis! ) was incredibly pro-war. â€Å"Who's for the trench – are you, my laddie? Who'll follow the French – will you, my laddie? † – used for propaganda to young soldiers. ‘Men who March Away’ by Thomas Hardy †¢ Thomas Hardy didn’t fight in war. †¢ Written in the opening days of war. †¢ Expresses feelings of those enlisting as war was meant to be over by Christmas. †¢ â€Å"Braggarts must surely bite the dust† â €“ sounds quaint & naive. A letter written by Julien Grenfell †¢ â€Å"We are all awfully well, except those who have stopped something† – ‘Stopped something’ was slang for being shot! ‘As the Team’s Head Brass’ by Edward Thomas Conversation between an elder ploughman and a speaker uncertain whether or not to enlist. †¢ â€Å"’have you been out yet? ’ ‘No. ’ ‘And don’t want to, perhaps? ’† – series of questions. Later Literature – (1916-1918) ‘All the Hills and Vales Along’ by Charles Hamilton Sorely †¢ â€Å"And the singers† – optimism, calling soldiers ‘singers’. This is immediately undercut by describing them as â€Å"the chaps/who are going to die perhaps! † †¢ â€Å"So be glad, when you are sleeping† – ‘sleeping’ undertones of death, implicit suggestion of death as mos t desirable end, inevitable end for a soldier. â€Å"Sow your gladness for earth’s reaping† – celebrate chance of fighting, earth personified, harvesting future happiness planted by soldiers. †¢ â€Å"To the Gates of Death with song† – Almost Tennyson-like enthusiasm, cheerful death. †¢ Offset by the final line; â€Å"so be merry, so be dead† – sober view of death compared to Brooke’s. ‘To England – A note’ by Ivor Gurney †¢ In this sonnet each seemingly patriotic phrase is undercut. †¢ â€Å"The boys of England† – focuses on the facts that the soldiers are no more than boys, often just out of public school. The soldiers â€Å"do in silence† – the things they have to do, war is literally unspeakable. ‘A Dead Boche’ by Rupert Graves †¢ Speaks directly to those who only want to hear ‘of blood and fame’. †¢ â€Å"A certain cure for lust of blood† – Brusquely ironic tone. †¢ Second stanza confronts the horrors of war head-on, he describes a German Corpse. †¢ â€Å"Sat† and â€Å"Scowled† – alliteration attaches these actions of a living person to the corpse. †¢ â€Å"Big-bellied, spectacled, crop-haired† – still identifiable but the â€Å"black blood† turns corpse into an emblem of death. No mutual recognition or respect from one soldier to another (unlike W. O’s statement â€Å"I am the enemy you killed, my friend† – strange meeting) †¢ Reader challenged to disagree with the claim that it is a â€Å"certain cure for the lust of blood†. Post-WWI Literature ‘Journey’s End’ by R. C Sherriff †¢ Set in a dug-out in trenches, it explores tension in a group of officers waiting for their attack. †¢ Names emphasise essential Englishness (Stanhope, Osborne, Raleigh, etc). ‘Birds ong’ by Sebastian Faulks †¢ â€Å"†¦ so horrific†¦ beyond a war†¦ dehumanised to an extent that†¦ †¢ â€Å"This is not a war; this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded† – dehumanising, bitterness of those who experience it, no reason behind war. Modern. What Sebastian Faulks sets to explore in birdsong. (Stephen Wraysford) Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, particularly the women. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"You love us when we’re heroes, home on leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Trampling the terrible corpses, blind with blood† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"O German mother†¦while you are knitting socks to send your son His face is trodden deeper in the mud. † A Dead Boche Robert Graves 1916Wirtten from an anti war perspective, graphic descriptions show the true horror of war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"’War’s hell’† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sat a dead Boche, he scowled and stunk† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Big-bellied, spectacled, crop haired, Dribbling black blood from nose and beard† Diasbled- Wilfred Owen 1917 Shows a strong anti-war view, criticises those at home who cannt see past the ‘glory' of war. Poem shows a young boy who has been disabled by the war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer a goal† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The women’s eyes passed from him to the strong men that were whole† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why don’t they come? † Dulce et Decorum Est- Wilfred Owen 1917Again anti-war, satirises the view that war is a glorious thing, and that it is an honour to die for ones country. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bent double, like beggars under sack, knock kneed and coughing like hags. † †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning†¦ gargling from the froth corrupted lungs† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The old lie: Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori† The Send Off- Wilfred Owen 1917 This poem has a melancholic tone, which has a sinister effect as the poem focuses on the death and destruction caused by war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"lined the train with faced grimly gay† †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Their breasts were stuck all white with wreath and spray, as mens are, dead. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"like wrongs hushed up they went† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"A few, too few for drums and yells may creep back, silent†¦ up half known roads. † Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, particularly the women. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"You love us when we’re heroes, home on leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å" He looked splendid. It – sort of made me feel†¦keen to get out here† – Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff Rupert Brooke – patriotic There is some corner of a foreign field That is forever England† Sassoon â€Å"Does it matter? Losing your legs? † â€Å"The turned soil and torn flesh of war. † – Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks Charles Sorley – â€Å"nor honour. It is easy to be dead†Edmund Blunden – ‘Vlamertinghe’ – â€Å"who are these coming to the sacrifice? † Quiet protest: Ivor Gurney ‘Beauty’ â€Å"Man’ consolation sung on the quivering strings† Inspiring: Sir Henry Newbolt ‘Vitai Lampada† (the torch of life) â€Å"Play up! Play up! And play the game! † Jessie Pope â€Å"Who’s for the game? † Regeneration Sassoon: â€Å"A hundred years from now they'll still be ploughing up skulls. † Owen, Disabled â€Å"All of them touch him like some queer disease. † â€Å" The holy glimmer of goodbyes† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen Strange Meeting 1)Hill says in the Author's Notes that her novel is a â€Å"microcosm of the ar† to create a â€Å"small world in the great would of the war†-she focusses on 2 main characters John Hilliard and David Blunden which makes it easier to communicate what the wa r was all about arther than taking a much larger perspective 2)the lack of understanding of the â€Å"coward complacence† as Sassoon puts it is another idea found in this novel-Hilliard goes home on leave and says â€Å"noone knew, nobody understood† Recruitment ‘The Call' By Jessie Pope â€Å"Who'd rather wait a bit† ‘The Volunteer' By Herbert Asquith â€Å"lifes tournament† ‘The Call' By Robert Venede â€Å"lad† â€Å"man† â€Å"dreamer† â€Å"brothers† ‘In Flanders Field' By John McCrae Take up our quarrel† Futility and Despair ‘Dulce et Decorum Est' By Owen â€Å"vile incurable sores on innocent tongues† ‘Lamplight' By May Wedderburn Cannan â€Å"we planned to shake the world together† ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth' By Owen â€Å"each slow dusk, a drawing down of blinds† ‘Apologia pro Poemate Meo' By Owen â€Å"hopes lay strewn† ‘Birdsong' By Faulks â€Å"he himself did not believe there was a purpose to the war† ‘All Quiet on the Western Front' By Remarque â€Å"weary, broken, burntout and without hope† Patriotism and Glorifying War ‘The Soldier' By Brooke â€Å"some corner of a foreign field which is forever England† ‘The Call' By Venede ogres† â€Å"faeries† â€Å"princes† ‘This is no case of petty right of wrong' By Edward Thomas â€Å"She (England) is all we know and live by† ‘Channel Firing' By Hardy â€Å"Camelot, and starlit stonehenge† ‘Peace' By Brooke â€Å"as swimmers into cleanness leaping† ‘Happy is England Now' By John Freema â€Å"destroying Dragon† ‘Men Who March Away' By Hardy â€Å"England's need are we† ‘Journeys End' By Sherriff â€Å"There's something rather romantic about it all† (Osbourne) Physical Damage ‘Disabled' By Owen â€Å"The womens' eyes passed f rom him to the strong men that were whole† ‘The Ghost Road' By Pat Barker â€Å"damaged brains and drooping mouths† The Conscript' By Wilfred Gibson â€Å"mangled limbs, blind eyes† ‘All Quiet on the Western Front' By Remarque â€Å"we see men without mouths, jaws, without faces† ‘A Dead Boche' By Graves â€Å"Black blood oozing from his nose and beard† ‘In Memoriam' By EA Mackintosh â€Å"piteous writhing bodies† Class ‘Oh What a Lovely War' By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop â€Å"Blunders of boobies† (Mrs Pankhurst) ‘The Chances' By Owen â€Å"Over the top tomorrer; boys we're for it† ‘Strange Meeting' By Susan Hill â€Å"not the natural camaraderie to be found among the officers† ‘Return of the Heroes' By Sassoon â€Å"Prussian General† and â€Å"Sir Godfrey Stoomer†Mourning ‘A Girl's Song' By Katharine Tynan â€Å"My grief is in the weeping rainsâ⠂¬  ‘The Falling Leaves' By Margaret Postgate Cole â€Å"now all withering lay† ‘Afterwards' By Margaret Postgate Cole â€Å"shall you and I ever be young again? † ‘August 1914' By John Masefield â€Å"So passionate once, so deep† ‘Now that you too muct shortly go away' By Eleanor Farjeon â€Å"By immortal love, which has no first of last† ‘Do Not Weep' By Stephen Crane â€Å"A field where a thousand corpses lie† ‘Letters From a Lost Generation' By Vera Brittain Letters talking about her fiance's death Cowardice ‘The Jingo-Woman' By Helen Hamilton dealer in white feathers, insulter, self appointed† ‘Birdsong' By Faulks â€Å"list of men executed for cowardice† ‘Recruiting' By Mackintosh â€Å"Can't you see them thanking God they're over forty-one? † ‘Regeneration' By Pat Barker â€Å"They didn't believe in shell-shock†¦ it was just cowardice† Post War Thoug hts ‘Blackadder Goes Forth' By Curtis and Elton â€Å"Not even our generals are made enough to shell their own men† ‘Oh What a Lovely War' By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop â€Å"it is slaughter†(soldier) â€Å"we need one big offensive to break through† (Haig) ‘Aftermath' By Sassoon â€Å"Have you forgotten yet? â€Å"

Outline

Outline Introduction: Nowadays, most people In the world use the Internet. People can get all kinds of information from around the world through the Internet and life in the world easy to communicate with others. The Internet seems to be at first glance dream tool. However, the Internet Is not always a bright side. It can be harmful, when people use it and little care. Thesis: Government should regulate the Internet, there are few reasons here that government should regulate the internet more strictly. Body: Main idea #1 Topic Sentence: The number of crimes on the Internet at breakneck speed is increase in the past few years.Disgruntled employees and hackers commit many cyber- crimes, and others are committed by con artists using the Web to perpetuate auction fraud, identity theft and other scams. (Hansen, B, 2002) We sometimes encounter some fraud when we do some shopping on the Internet. In this case, we are doing procurement and they do not send to the buyer, although the money ha s been sent to the seller. This Is very difficult to track down criminals because we have almost no Iranians, who they are, what they do, even where they live we also don't know.If we use the Internet for online shopping, our credit card number Is stolen; then, the money In our bank account may be used up. Using the Internet to make our personal information is not safe, especially those important documents In fact, when we surf the Web, read e-mail, and download software, a hidden program is called a Trojan chat, can send to our computer without our knowing. It will steal and transfer all the information that we already saved. After that, this person may make use of it to there. (Hansen, 8. 002) Main idea # 2 Topic Sentence: Copyright infringement through unauthorized digital downloading, and file sharing is another reason why the government should control the internet. In reality, we can find out a lot of illegal work, such as music, movies, or books on the Internet. If people down load free music, movies, or books without pay money, It will harm the economy. More than 2. 2 million hard-working, middle-class people In the US depend on the entertainment Industry for their Jobs, and many millions more ark in other industries that rely on intellectual property. Clammiest, M. , 2012) Free downloading does sometimes replace a music sale, but it's misleading to count every free Internet download as an act of piracy that deprives a copyright owner of dollars. (Clammiest, M. , 2012) The consequence of free downloading: â€Å"$58 billion is lost to the U. S. Economy annually due to content theft, including more than 373,000 lost American Jobs, $16 billion in lost employees' earnings, plus $3 billion in badly needed federal, state and local governments' tax revenue. Worth,J and Amy, C. , 2012) Main idea #3 Topic sentence: The censorship of internet can filter the Inappropriate information online and protect children from disturbing websites, such as, child pornography, sexual violence and detailed Instructions In crime or drug use. The undue Internet Information may weaken children's moral consciousness and pollute children's soul. Healthy growth of children or even cause adolescent crime. However, children are easy to contact undue internet information.Since parents cannot monitor the web ages that children browse in any time and at any place, the censorship of internet can help the parents to filter undue websites for children and protect them from the misguidance and negative influence of internet. (Shears, R. , 2010). In conclusion: The censorship of internet can protect the life privacy of people, people's economic interest and protect children from disturbing websites. The censorship of internet can protect to maintain the mainstream morals and values of the nation and help the public to form healthy and reasonable internet using consciousness. Outline During the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (fourteenth to early 1 6th centuries) 1 . France and England fought in a devastating Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) 2. Bubonic Plaque ravished Europe. 3. Schism within the Church 4. Western Collocation seemed to be collapsing with the onslaught of the Turks and the fall of Constantinople. 5. Scholars argued and pondered over the assumptions about God and his nature. 6. Humanists recovered classic knowledge and languages, beginning cultural changes that would spread through Europe. 7. Within independent nation-states, nationalism and patriotism rose. II. Revival of the Empire,Church, and Towns A. Otto I and the Revival of the Empire I. The Old Empire and the papacy's fortunes rise 1 . King Saxon Henry I and rebuilt royal power, leaving his successor King Otto I in a great territorial position 2. King Otto Xi's reign (936-973) a. Otto managed to get his own blood into power In Bavaria, Swab, and Franà §ois. B. Invaded Italy and declared himself King In 951. C. Defeated the Hungarian at Leeched In 955, securing borders against other barbarian attacks. L. Earned him the title â€Å"the Great d. Enlisted the Church in a careful rebuilding program l. Crowned bishops and abbots royal princes and agents of the king. Responded to a call of help from Pope John XII. L. Pope John crowned Otto I emperor for helping him in 962. F. The Church's power became stronger under Tot's rule. B. The Reviving Catholic Church I. King Otto I shifted the royal focus from Germany to Italy. 1 . Successors were too preoccupied with Italy, Germany fell apart. Lie. Church prepared to declare its independence too new force as revived empire began to crumble. 1. Reform within the Church was coming. A. Clunky Reform Movement l. Reform movement born In French monastery 910 II. Rejected subservience of the clergy to royal authority.Separation of Church and State including the Celibacy of the Catholic clergy has its origins form this reform movement. V. The papacy embraced the reforms in the late eleventh century. Iii. Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV 1 . Pope Gregory VII condemned the lay investiture of clergy at any level under the penalty of excommunication. A. The emperor's custom of installing bishops by gifting them the ring and staff (symbolizing Episcopal office) was what Gregory had in mind. B. The emperor, Henry IV took this as a challenge to authority. C. Territorial princes supported Surgery's edict, wanting to see the emperor weakened. Henry collected his most loyal bishops, having them declare independence from Gregory. E. Gregory excommunicated Henry IV and absolved his subjects from their loyalty to him. F. Gregory begged for forgiveness by standing barefoot in the snow for some 3 days before the Pope absolved him, symbolizing the height of Papal supremacy. 2. The investiture controversy eventually ended when Emperor Henry V renounced his power to install bishops with the ring and staff. A. In exch ange, Pope Calculus II allowed for the emperors to be able to give the bishops fiefs before or after they were invested with the ring and staff by the church. Emperor's still had the right to veto a candidate. 3. The outcome resulted in the pope strengthening his image and place, at the cost of diminishing imperial authority. 4. In the end, local princes ended up profiting most from the entire controversy. C. The First Crusades I. Late in the 17th century, the Byzantine Empire came under assault and pressure from the Seller Turks. 1. Emperor Alexis I Comments appealed for help from the West. A. Pope Urban II accepted by launching the first Crusade. L. Religion, hot-blood, and greed were influential in the launching of the Crusades. II.Planned out and executed very carefully by the revived papacy. Ill. Promised participants of the First Crusade plenary indulgence should they die in battle. Removal of all mortal sins, etc†¦ ‘V. Sparked anti-Jewish riots and protests across Europe. V. Beat Seller army after army until Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders in 1099. 2. Latin presence in the east began to crumble after the First Crusade. A. A Second Crusade was a dismal failure. B. A Third Crusade was also a great failure and the Holy Lands remained Muslim. 3. The Crusades did help replenish and stimulate Western trade and cultural presence in the East.

Working with Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with Others - Essay Example As I progressed, another strategy I used was to be supportive. I ensured that I offer support to those who are in need of help. My exhibition of generosity helped me develop a number of important relationships at work. Another vital point in my work was that I adopted the habit of speaking positively about others. The benefit was that as I spoke about others in a positive way, others who heard me counted me as a good personality. As a result, I have found that the number of people who were ready to help me increases day by day. Another important strategy in building positive relationships at work was to present my skills and knowledge in front of others. I ensured that I exhibit my skills and proficiency in all the office meetings. It became clear that as I presented things in an interesting way, all my colleagues were happy listening to me and appreciating me. Thus, I learnt the fact that showing my abilities is very necessary to make other people approach me. In addition, I ensured that I encourage collaboration. For that purpose, I invited others to share my works and offered them to share their works. This way I ensure that other people around me are felt valued. Moreover, I have to mention here that I ensure that I keep the people around me happy through adopting a pleasing personality and a sense of humour. Furthermore, it is my strategy to behave in a polite way to everyone in the organisation. I ensure that a degree of politeness is kept while interacting with everyone from any position.

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Media Ethics class - Essay Example Definitely, this is a bit misconstrued given the very personal nature of the relationships revealed from the start. However, the fact that Nev was already aware of the fact that something was â€Å"amiss† may suggest that they only wanted to get to the bottom of the story, â€Å"see the story through†. In this regard, I would consider their decision to travel to Michigan as an ethical act. This position is informed by the sensitivity and relevance of the issue at hand. Facebook is currently the most subscribed form of social media( Plaisance 167 ). All persons who subscribe to it have different goals as evidenced by the documentary, therefore, it would be important for the media to educate the masses on this aspect. This way, the media plays its critical role which is educating people on the various perspectives and the widespread intentions of people taking to social media. I look at the decision to travel to Michigan as a way of providing the reality check and bringin g to the viewers the intrigues and deceptions that can take place in the social media. This way, the public is informed and hopefully individuals are able to take due caution in interacting with strangers in social media. This ethical stance is informed by Jeremy Bentham’s and John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism theory. The theory asserts that the right course of action is that which maximizes utility it is that which delivers greatest good to the greatest number. In this case, Nev and Ariel upset a few people, the Abby’s family, to educate the entire public on the deceptions and misrepresentations that can be carried on social media. This arguably benefits a large population which would have been oblivious of such reality. Further, this view is very much in line with Plaisance thoughts on the media people who must recognize that they are creatures of community and must take the responsibility towards others as we are all interconnected and must care for each other (Plaisance

Online Writing Lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Writing Lab - Essay Example You, I believe, would also be experiencing the same difficulties with language and culture that all people coming from other countries face during the early days adjusting in the new environment. The matter doesn't get any easier especially for an immigrant coming from a developing and a Muslim country like Pakistan in our case. Locals looking at us with a suspicious eye, jobs not easy to secure, investigation teams just around the corner waiting for us to make a wrong move etc are some of the problems that we have to cope up with. Apart from this there comes the problem of communication gaps that exist between the locals and people like us who use English as a second language. Writing applications, interview letters, and even writing and speaking simple words may elicit negative and undesired feedback due to inappropriate usage of grammar. Sometimes using correct sentence composition may land us in trouble since the usage did not convert to the same context in the local's minds due to cultural differences. Having experienced these issues myself, I have some encouraging news for you about how to avoid landing into tricky situations in front of your peers. Leafing through my computer files yesterday I found my solution to the cultural and language problems I had faced during my initial days in the United States. The solution was a simple Online Writing Lab called 'OWL' for short. An OWL is an always available facility which provides you free writing resources and instructional material on the internet. It is a portal where students, members of the community, and global users can find information to assist them with many writing projects while teachers and trainers can use the material for in-class and out-of-class instructions. Every country has its own set of rules and expectations about the ways to communicate in a business setting. In some countries, they may place less emphasis on written materials and more emphasis on verbal communication. However, in the United States, memos, letters, and emails are important and play a role in creating a person's business reputation. The 'OWL at Purdue' has a special section relating on how Non-Americans should go about writing for a business audience. It includes information on how to approach a topic by getting to the point, to keep the message simple, how and when to use active and passive voice with special emphasis on nondiscriminatory language, and a guide on using verbs rather than keeping the message vague. The best part of the Online Writing Lab is that it provides a teacher-student relationship as in a school yet a completely professional online environment just like in the case of distance learning. You can write a letter for your business purpose, but send it first to your teacher at the OWL from where you will receive instructions and training on how to improve your business writing. As a result you can then send the convincingly written revised letter for the business purpose you initially intended and get a firm response. Not only this, there is a lot more available on their website including basic formatting and referencing styles for business reports, demo letters and memorandums, and writing guidelines. Your reputation remains safe while all the time you learn how to make your writing skills even better. And while your writing skills improve, you are assured that your spoken language gets better. Your convenience is the key here. You can send emails, write letters or memos, and make corrections and revisions all at a

The Current Conservation Status of a Group of Marine Vertebrates Term Paper

The Current Conservation Status of a Group of Marine Vertebrates - Term Paper Example This was driven not merely by negative foresight on the eventuality of the current scale of activities against cetaceans. But, this was simply underpinned by the enthusiasm of researchers on conservation attempts. Additionally, this was also to understand the ideas contained in available implementing guidelines for the limits of catching whales (Stoett, 1997). Unfortunately, numberless publication persists which turned out to be unhelpful and can be barriers and distractions towards positive endeavors. These publications contain one, issues that depict strained relations among nations which bring about the possibilities of total destruction as there is no commonality of beliefs on conservations. Second, there is the danger of over-population which may result in extreme increases in demands for exhausting resources as well as collective relocation. Third, that there is an incessant intensified consciousness on soil erosion and rapid deforestations. Fourth, there is an ever-increasing account of oil wastage over bodies of water because of flaws on the transport system resulting in the death of marine organisms. And fifth, that the whales are subjects to extinction (Stoett, 1997). Fortunately, the persistence of the issues on the extinction of whales challenged and inspired many people to keep on with their studies. This is because they believed that continuity of the whales or cetaceans species generations is apparently a benchmark. This would clearly indicate the conditions of the environment. Basically, it would be of benefit to mankind considering that these cetaceans are also mammals, although, they are aquatic. So, if they have continued to live in the bodies of water, then, this is a clue that the environment is still supportive of life. And this runs counter to claims of extensive environmental degradations (Stoett, 1997). According to the author, studies revealed that the population of gray and minke whales has normalized. This is despite the extensive po aching activities simply for profit, overtly disregarding the consequences. But, the population dip of some other cetaceans like blue whales, light whales, and humpback whales are quite alarming. This is made complicated by the fact that there is a very little study conducted on the physical welfare of cetaceans. And if there is any hope left for the survival of the species, then, this lies largely on the latest consensus of the concerned groups like the International Whaling Corporation (Daniels, 2007; Stoett, 1997). Apparently, the members of the International Whaling Corporation in 1982 have realized the intensity of the risk they have taken in 1946 for supporting the extinguishing activities of catching whales and its relatives for the purpose of profit, health, and purported sustenance. Consequently, the 1982 position stood firm on the suspension of all whale catching activities in the national and international seas. Although, it took some three years before the treaty was ful ly implemented. This was because of political dissensions on the part of those who are apt to continue profiteering. Large scale whalers like the Japanese and the Americans were all dissatisfied with the ruling on the suspension of their self-centered endeavors.  

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Essay Example 1-2). a) Threat to life of the person with mortality rate four times higher for those between 15 to 19 years old than those women aged 25 to 29. While pregnancy of teens from 10 to 14 years old is more life threatening and if the fetus is born, it will have serious health conditions or may soon die. e) Seeking support from social welfare institution. With majority of them unmarried, 75 percent ask for financial support within the next five years after childbirth. Research has shown that some teenagers prefer getting pregnant in order to get support from the father, a survival approach in poverty-ridden areas. f) Children of teenage mothers suffer retardation in psychological and social developments, as well as malnutrition effect upon the mind and body. Teenage mothers do not possess parenting skills, do not know the needs of the child, and do not understand the importance of touch, smile and communication in the development of the child. g) Socially unacceptable behavior of children. The result of lack of parenting skills and unpleasant environment can cause the child to grow up with anti-social behaviors. The rate is three times higher for boys to become a criminal offender and land in prison than the common criminals. Girls, on the other hand, have the tendency to become pregnant at a tender age (Agarwal par. 2-9). h) Delay in prenatal care. Of the 1 million teenage pregnancy in the US, 7.2 percent received no prenatal care while the rest received delayed prenatal care (Sams par. 1). Prenatal care is necessary to maintain the health of the teenager and her unborn child. i) Mix emotions such as excitement, confusion, fear, anger and frustration. While a motherly instinct of protecting the unborn child is developing, it is coupled by confusion and fear of how to handle the unplanned pregnancy (Causes and Effects pars. 8-9). The primary cause of teenage pregnancy is the absence of

WRITE A 2500W0RDS ESSAY DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A

WRITE A 2500W0RDS DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A CATALAYST FOR INNOVATION WITHIN A SECTOR OF YOUR CHOICE.ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWER WITH REAL EXAMPLES - Essay Example roach towards the assessment of environment which has became a debatable topic globally since it provides a strategic approach to resolve environmental issues and challenges. The work represents the innovative role of SEA in improving the Nigerian Transportation issues and challenges. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a collection of strategic approaches with an aim of integrating the various environmental considerations to support the sustainable development of the environment. SEA is an effort to have a strategic approach towards the various environmental issues which requires critical analysis and participatory approaches for integrating all of the environmental issues and present them in format of policies, plans, and programmes. The other aspect of SEA is to synchronize those policies and plans with the available social and economic considerations to have a holistic assessment of sustainable development (DAC, 2006). The process of SEA helps in ensuring the developmental activities towards the environment which are taking place according to the policies, plans, and programmes developed through the process. The tool of SEA has proved to be an effective measure in achieving the sustainable development in context of public planning and policy developme nt (SEA-info, 2008). The SEA is performed prior to the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA) which serve as a decision making process concerned to the environmental issues and considerations. Due to the early requirement of SEA it is also considered as the key approach towards the achievement of sustainable development (UNECE, 2003). The SEA can be described as a method of identifying the way which supports the application of relevant procedural criteria into the decision making process. The underlying concept of SEA is based on criteria such as the functional description of the process of decision making, decision windows, various implications of decision windows onto the environmental

Current issues in Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Current issues in Public Relations - Essay Example However, it is because of this reason that there has been concern and effort to control PR efforts utilizing these methods (Yoon 2005; International Public Relations Association (IPRA) 2007). Thus, there is a for continuous and developing research on the opportunities, limitations and concerns raised regarding SEO, RSS and social communication networks in contemporary PR practice. Major trend in information and telecommunication technologies have focused on personalizing systems for its users. According to Weber and her associates (2003) the market, pertaining to internet users, has decidedly been customer driven. SEO's are one of the obvious indications of the demand power of internet users. Queries are dependent on users' prerogative and SEO service providers model their products to suit the convenience of their users. In a similar manner, RSS feeds are based on demand or subscription based on user supplied parameters. In the case of social network communication, there are voluntary membership is often a requirements and considerable privacy clauses are implemented. On the other hand, traditional PR initiatives have been characterized to be general in structure and composition but specifically motivated (Fall 2004). One of the major considerations has always how to get a specific message to as many audiences without alienating third parties. In the case of these technologies, PR campaigns directed through these channels are considered to be more streamlined and efficient (IPRA 2007). Moreover, feedback channels allow for improving strategies and materials. However, this also creates vulnerabilities: there is greater risk of critique, increased technological requirements to monitor reactions and greater necessity to develop social, political and cultural sensitivity (Fall 2004). In a similar vein, Curtin and Gaither (2008) point out that there is a need to understand how these developments are changing PR audiences and communication channels. Considering the range and projected growth of these channels and internet communication in general, its significance is expected to continue to rise. One factor that has particularly supported this trend is the abundance of independent and open source technologies that have become the foundation of personal communication systems and content requirements. This has been apparent in the communication channels to be considered in this study as well. Relevance to the Marketing Mix and Strategies The need to understand the significance of new PR communication channels is at the core of marketing principles or concerns. One of the common realizations is that marketing fundamentals change significantly given that SEO, RSS and social networking operate digitally and often virtually. Considering the impact to the marketing mix, alone, there are significant competencies that have to become attuned to new perspectives (Pieczka 2002). One of the important realizations is that though the internet effectively eliminates traditional barriers to communication but also raised exposure, access and security threats. For the purpose of this study, the relevance of the topic to marketing professionals will be discussed based on how SEO, RSS and social networking. There is generally no variation in marketing materials developed for traditional and

Organazation design module Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Organazation design module - Research Paper Example This has not only improved the management, but it has also increased the revenue that has in turn created skilled labor based on special facts, skills and proficiency portrayed by the staffs being promoted as supported by fig. 1. Chipotle is one of the world fastest growing food companies with improved in revenue. Chipotle is a limited cafà © without a franchised system thereby allowing for its great synergy across the company. Synergies are gains that have effect when employees and departments systematize their work. From the data as of April 2011, Chipotle has about 1096 cafà © situated in key areas around the world including in the United States, France, London, Canada, Milan, Paris, Munich, and Ontario among others. In spite of its position around the world, Chipotle has achieved a lot in terms of business due to its organized management and organization in its operations that has been supported through implementing fig 5 order of organizational management. Chipotle has exceptional food tradition that provides the best ingredients in the fast food competitive market. Notably, specific Chipotle personalities have been key figures in its success. For instance, Steve Ells and Monty Moran-Chipotle Mexican Grill, CEO, have steadily improved the company’s income by investing in their staff by applying the principles defined in fig 2 below. Application of the same principles has made Chipotle to record increased revenues through increased investments and steady inflow of customers. Additionally, the company has the same employment prospect that give opportunity to all citizens in spite of their race, gender, country of origin, age, religion, or disabilities. Nonetheless, Ells and Moran boasts of tactical human resource management model that has helped Chipotle grow up from within. This is the model by which managers devise the workings of an HRM model to be dependable with each other and with other essentials of organizational design. Moreover, employees

Response to Hurricane Katrina Essay Example for Free

Response to Hurricane Katrina Essay On 29 August, 2005 the category 5 huge Hurricane, Hurricane Katrina hit USA land. This natural disaster brought massive flood, damaging the property and resulted into high death toll. Although the projects related to the protection of areas by Hurricane were constructed 60 years ago but this exceptional unexpected disaster was the most terrible one in USA history (GAO-06-934, 2006). The disaster of Hurricane Katrina was beyond the expectation of the officials of the emergency management, which resulted into delay in supporting the effected people and the area by the guards and military. This uncontrolled situation showed the absence of management and lack of the ability to take a quick action by the people responsible to handle the problem because of their unawareness of handling the situation (Cooper Block, 2005). Bureaucratic/ Hierarchical model vs. Network model Professor Charles Wise asserts that effective and efficient running of organizations can be achieved through a combination of strategies and techniques. He further states that the organization must utilize all its resources in order to achieve business goals (Wise, 2006). Wise laid importance for the implication of network model rather than the hierarchical model. He explains that in hierarchical model, the decisions take place at the top level without communicating all the levels of organization and there is no evaluation of the progress. Due to this, flaws and unfavorable situations results at the end. In network model, there is continuous flow of information between the different levels of organization, which brings good results in managing any emergency. Waugh and Streib also laid emphasis on the change in the hierarchical model in which only top management contributes in making the decision (2006). The failure in handling the hurricane Katrina showed the inability and flaw in the decision making of the hierarchical management (Takeda Helms, 2006). Adaptive Management Approach The approach of government organizations of dealing with the natural disaster created a negative impact on the people of America. It showed that serious steps need to be taken in managing any kind of disaster (Schneider, 2005). Applying adaptive management hypothetically following steps should be followed: †¢ All the problems should be discussed with the stakeholders. †¢ There should be no communication gap and the flow of the data should be continuous between all the levels of the organization. †¢ The strategies should be followed and monitored to get positive outcome. †¢ There should be monitored resources. †¢ Policies and procedure should be there and should be consistent. †¢ Activities for the future should be planned and communicated at all level of the organization and different ideas by all should be encouraged. The management approach to deal with the hurricane Katrina should be a strategic approach. People of the effected area should be informed and educated to deal with the situation. They should be moved to the safe place. Instruction should be communicated by the organization through T. V and other mode of communication before the occurrence of the hurricane. There should be a complete planning. Measures and goal should be set to deal with such natural disaster. There should be training provided to the people, responsible to handle the situation. The programs for the affected people and victims to overcome the situation and so that they can get back get back in normal condition should be introduced to deal with any emergency created by natural disaster. Recommended Management Approach An effective management approach utilizes different strategies and tactics in order to reduce or mitigate the impact of a natural disaster. The first step is that adequate preparations must be made for any emergency by the presence of specific contingency plans. Governments must devise long term and short term solutions that can assist in reducing the impact of natural disaster (Wisner, 2004). This could be through the use of technology and administrative regulations that could help and assist people during times of natural disaster. Emergency and civil services must be adequate and competent enough to effectively and efficiently respond to any natural disaster. They must ensure the provision of vital services for people who trapped or injured because of the natural disaster. Stockpiles of essential items and goods must be performed by the local government in order to provide urgent relief to disaster zones. Successful disaster management plans utilize a competent and trained force of volunteers (Wisner, 2004). These volunteers can be instrumental in saving lives and delivering services. Response is the last stage of the disaster management plan as it consists of the provision of emergency and rescue services for people who have been hit by the natural disaster. Conclusion Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster that severely impacted the people of New Orleans. The poor and slow response by the Bush administration was extensively criticized by the public. The disaster shows the necessity of effective and efficient disaster management programs. These plans must be adequate and competent enough to prevent death and destruction caused by the natural disaster. These programs should effectively utilize a number of rapid emergency and civil services in order to provide relief and aid in the disaster zone. Empirical studies have found evidence that the hierarchical model of organizational change leads to inefficiency and inflexibility. It retards the ability of organizations to effectively respond to emergencies and contingency plans. The network model of organizational change on the other has been found to give autonomy and freedom. This allows staff members to use their creativity and innovation in order to devise solutions for problems. Adaptive management takes a proactive and dynamic approach in resolving problems. It seeks to divide tasks into smaller goals which are distributed to team members. It can be used for disaster management because it efficiently and effectively utilizes and allocates resources. Disaster management must be systematically and methodically planned and arranged by the government. It is essential that reducing or mitigating the threat take place at the first level. Similarly rapid response should be developed by speedy and reliable delivery of services to people living in the disaster zone. References GAO-06934, (2006, September). Hurricane Katrina: Strategic Planning Needed to Guide Future Enhancements Beyond Interim Levee Repairs. Retrieved April, Saturday, 2009, from http://www. gao. gov/new. items/d06934. pdf. Cooper, Christopher, and Robert Jeffrey Block. Disaster: Hurricane Katrina and the failure of Homeland Security. New York: Times Books, 2006. Wise, C. (2006). Organizing for Homeland Security after Katrina: Is Adaptive management Whats Missing? Public Administration Review, 66(302-318). Waugh, W. , Streib, G. (2006). Collaboration and Leadership for Effective Emergency Management. Public Administration Review, 66(p 131- 140). Takeda, Margaret B. , Marilyn M. Helms (2006). Bureaucracy, meet catastrophe: Analysis of the tsunami disaster relief efforts and their implications for global emergency governance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19 (204- 217). Schneider, S. (2009). Administrative Breakdowns in the Governmental Response to Hurricane Katrina. Public Administration Review, 65(515-516). Wisner, Ben; P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). At Risk Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters Wiltshire: Routledge

Report on the need for Inter Professional Collaboration

Report on the need for Inter Professional Collaboration The following report will consist of two parts. Part one will firstly define, and then address some of the issues that have highlighted the need for inter-professional collaboration. Secondly it will look at some of the policy initiatives that advocate inter-professional collaboration and attempt to identify opportunities and benefits, whilst also examining some of the difficulties, barriers and challenges to effective collaborative working, between both professionals and e.g. professionals and service-users. Finally, part two of the report will attempt to illustrate my personal experience of collaboration in the form of a three reflections based on assessment, implementing and learning experiences on placement. Critically analysing the skills used in working collaboratively with a client and the multi-disciplinary team (MDT), within the context of mental health care. It should be noted therefore that the names of all individuals within this part of the assignment will be fictionalised in order to protect their confidentiality, in accordance with the Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) Code of Conduct guidelines. The reflections will be based in Gibbs 1988 model of reflection. Part 1: Definition of collaboration The literal translation of collaboration from the Latin is together in labour, whilst the dictionary definition of to collaborate is to work with another or others on a project (Chambers 1999). However, Clifford (2000) in re-iterating Henneman et als. (1995) earlier argument stated that, in practice, the process of defining collaboration remained a complex, sophisticated, vague and highly variable phenomenon (pp103). This often resulted in the term being used inappropriately, as issues relating to collaboration were (and still are) referred to using a range of terms, all intended to indicate broadly similar processes e.g.: teamwork, co-operation, inter/multidisciplinary, multi-agency, intersectional and inter-professional, although, Barrett et al. (2005) concluded that In practice these refer to similar ideas of collaborative effort, even if the composition of the team(s) or group(s) varies. Hall Weaver (2001) stated that inter-agency partnerships are created at a formal organisational level when two or more agencies agree to work together to share information or to jointly plan services, whilst multi/inter-professional collaboration involves two or more people from different professions communicating cooperatively to achieve a common goal, passing the client to the next practitioner in a chain of care. They also stressed the importance of co-ordination in inter-professional working in order to ensure that each professionals effort is acted upon and that each practitioner is aware of what the others are doing. The move towards interagency collaboration began with the shift in emphasis from institutional to community-based care, when it was felt that the demarcations and hierarchical relations between professions were neither sustainable nor appropriate (Barr et al. 1999 Sibbald, 2000). New ways of working that crossed professional boundaries, had to be found, in order to allow a more flexible approach to care delivery (Malin et al., 2002), the promotion of inter-professional working in the delivery of healthcare has long been regarded by practitioners as of great importance, in providing a better quality of service, as highlighted by e.g. the NMC (2008) and in UK government policy over the last two decades, at least.   However Whitehead (2000), also highlighted the fact that one example of team working that was surprisingly neglected in the nursing literature of the time, was the partnership between client and nurse, which she argued should be regarded as part of the collaborative framework as well as in a team context. However, this factor was not ignored by the NMC who in the Code of Conduct have consistently specified that nurses should not only work with their peers, but also with other professionals and importantly with clients in developing their care-package (2008). Similarly, as indicated, the DOH (1999) with the up-date of the CPA via Effective Care-coordination (ECC) specified the need for all service providers, including all members of MDTs, too work with their clients, highlighting the belief that such collaboration, increased, client satisfaction and improved client engagement with their planned care package, when implementing the National Service Framework for Mental Health (NSFMH: DOH 1999a) as highlighted by the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (SCMH) Keys to Engagement (1998a, 2002 see appendix 1 for further information). It was recognised by the government in 1997 that there was a clear boundary between health and social care, and so they called upon the NHS and local authorities to build partnerships and break down organizational barriers (DOH 1997). This was important as many people had complex needs spanning both services, but found themselves receiving inadequate care due to sterile arguments about boundaries.  Thus the government introduced incentives to encourage joint working and improve all aspects of health and social care through e.g. integrated care/service provision (DOH 1998).   Modernising Mental health Services (DOH, 1998a), set out the way in which mental health services would deliver care in the future, whilst Safe, Sound and Supportive (DOH, 1998b), emphasized the involvement of service users in the planning and the delivery of care, offering choices and promoting independence for individuals. To implement such changes in relation to mental health, the NSF for Mental Health (DOH, 1999), represented the first set of national standards for mental health, frameworks (e.g. ECC) and how these standards, based in up-to-date evidence, would be achieved for the best possible care. One role that was introduced through the NSF and ECC guidelines was that of the care-coordinator, and although the role is not attributed to any one profession. In order to be an effective co-ordinator the nurse must appreciate the roles of the other members of the MDT, and possess excellent communication skills (Bonney. in Davis OConnor 1999). Demonstrating competence in communication and collaborative working is now a prerequisite of qualifying as a nurse (DOH 2006b) and of all mental health workers (DOH 2004) as based in the SCMHs (2001) Capable Practitioner However, a variety of barriers to interdisciplinary working exist that hinder the developments of close collaborative relationships, Hudson (2002) outlined several barriers to effective inter-professional working relating to relationships between members of different professions. These include the fact that where members of a certain profession have similar or shared values, perceptions and experiences, there will be more agreement between members of that profession than between members of different professions. This is partly because each discipline has very different levels of training, education and legal restrictions on their role. McCray (2002) supports this view stating that social workers, may be more concerned with achieving outcomes for service-users based on recognition of oppression and inequality in society, mental health nurses, may be focused more on psychological factors in their work with clients and psychiatrists who see the illness of the patient as their top priori ty. However, changes that had been proposed to implement across professional common foundation programme of training of all healthcare workers to enhance inter-disciplinary communication (NHS Plan: in Lilley. 2001), have been introduced (to varying degrees) within approved educational institutions. Returning to the role of the nurse as a care-coordinator, it should be noted that s/he is not one who simply follows an established pathway but someone who challenges existing practice and leads the way in developing new evidence based clinically effective care (Seaman in Smith M: 1999:198).  However by 2015 (SCMH 2005) not only should every patient have a comprehensive, tailored care plan, they should have taken the lead in determining how they want their needs to be met according to the NHS plan (1998). As long ago as 1984 Benner considered that, nurses played an essential role in the management of care of patients and as coordinators and educators they must keep up-to-date with the latest developments in care and local and National policies, to ensure their practice conform to the standards of clinical governance and that they must be central to the MDT to ensure that the patient is the focus of that care. As the DOH (1999, 1999a) indicated they are best placed to encourage inte rdisciplinary working and provide a channel for communication, with characteristics essential to a nurses role in collaborative practice. Part 2: The following will provide three reflections summarising my involvement in the collaborative assessment, planning implementation of the treatment/care provided for a selected client, who will be known as Jane, within an acute forensic inpatient psychiatric unit. Before conducting the initial assessment with Jane, under the supervision of my mentor, I was conscious of the requirements under the NSFMH ECC (DOH 1999a 1999b) guidelines that the assessment must be comprehensive in order for the MDT to develop an appropriate care package. I was also conscious that this required not only my use of effective communication skills with Jane, but also with the nursing and multidisciplinary team members (SCMH 2001, DOH 2004, 2006b). in order for the assessment data to be used as a basis for Janes initial care-plan, which would allow for further assessment data to be gathered prior to her MDT review. While Stuart (2005) stated that psychiatric care requires the completion of an assessment of the clients bio-psycho-social status, Barker (2003), asserted that the way in which an assessment is carried out and the methods used in the process make it a worthwhile exercise or largely a waste of time. Therefore I was conscious of the need to not only adhere to the ECC framework but also to the Best practice competencies guidelines for pre-registration mental health nurses (DOH 2006) and those of the NMC (2008). Reflective Essay 1 (Assessment) Introduction Critical incidents are snapshots of something that happens to a patient, their family or nurse. It may be something positive, or it could be a situation where someone has suffered in some way (Alphonso, 2007). The incident to be discussed took place at my current placement a medium secure psychiatric hospital. Any names mentioned are fictitious in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Counsel (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2007).For the purpose of this reflection I will be using The Gibbs model (1988), cited in Burns and Bulman (2000) as it gives an opportunity to produce a structured account of the discussion, and clearly shows that true reflection in practice has occurred during its research. During my management placement my mentor Alan assigned me as named nurse to a recently admitted patient (Jane), with the purpose of co-ordinating her care. I found this service user to be very difficult to engage with as she could become extremely paranoid and believed people could read her thoughts and interfere with her mind. Therefore she was very hard to engage with and very reluctant to disclose any information, this gave me limited information regarding her background at the start of the assessment process. Jane was also presenting with challenging behaviour and could become very verbally hostile. I did find her to be challenging overall and I pursued a different method of working with her whereby I made conversation and talked about other things not relating to her problems, to get to know her, it didnt take too long before I began to begin to build a therapeutic relationship with Jane. However when it came to undertaking the assessment Jane became quite withdrawn and guarded and did not fully engage with myself or my mentor. When we had completed the assessment and was back in the ward day area Jane became very hostile and began to shout at myself stating that I had stolen her thoughts and replaced them with files, Jane continued to shout and swear so staff intervened. However, we did complete the assessment but I felt disappointed that Jane did not interact well as I felt we had begun to communicate well with each other and had started to build a therapeutic relationship prior to undertaking the assessment.Using the information ascertained during the assessment and information I had gathered from Janes clinical file, I also contacted Janes social worker (Lynn) for any additional information, she assured me that she would make contact with Janes family and feed back her finding at the MDT meeting. I also contacted Janes consultant and informed her that I was leading Janes care package and the plan that I had put into place in order to maximise the effic iency of the up and coming MDT review. conclusion. I learnt a lot from this experience, by analysing the critical situation; it is plain to see how bureaucratic style was effective in handling the situation. The following of procedures by staff was effective in dealing with the possibility of further hazards and ensured the safety of the patient and nurses (Palombara, 2006). Utilising individual members of the multi- disciplinary team taught me the importance of inter disciplinary team working. The assessment, gave me the ability to gather information from Jane although the information was very limited.   It would appear that an assessment of this description would not benefit from having a structured format, because the patient leads as much as the nurse. The support I received from my mentor, gave me the independence to organise the assessment in my own way, and I feel proud to be able to have achieved all the relevant information despite the difficult situation.   I was able to obtain information which gave me great satisfaction.   I feel I have the ability to fulfil the role of care co-ordinator and do things independently as well as collaboratively. I learnt from taking a leadership role that I was able to, think logically and will hopefully carry this attitude forward throughout my future nursing career. I learnt for the future to expect the unexpected and handle situations as they arise. I have learnt the importance of collaboration and support/supervision is paramount for one to achieve. Reflective Essay 2 (Implementation) Introduction This reflection will be based on attending the MDT meeting and the outcome. For the purpose of this reflection I have chosen Gibbs (1988), as the model to help guide this process. This is an iterative model with stopping points, using these stopping points as headings; I will be able to reflect fully on the incident. As indicated the NMC 2008 requires nurses to work with clients as partners, which involves identifying their preferences regarding care, and respecting these within the limits of professional practice, existing legislation, resources and goals of the therapeutic relationship. To facilitate this I had encouraged Jane to identify her needs, and to point out which were of greatest importance in her life. These were:- To build a good relationship with her parents To get out of hospital To stop smoking All information gathered from the initial assessment could now be discussed at Janes (MDT) meeting. Also in attendance was Janes consultant psychiatrist, social worker, psychologist my mentor and myself. I explained to the team that Jane had wished to attend the meeting but due to the location of the meeting, security and hospital policies this was not possible. I discussed the aforementioned to the team, along with Janes presentation over the past week. The consultant was quite happy for the nursing team to continue with their assessment work, and made no alterations to her medication regime. The social worker had managed to make contact with Janes family, she reported that Janes family have expressed that they would very much like to build up a loving and positive relationship with Jane and would be quite happy to look after her when she has been released from hospital until suitable accommodation can be found for her close to the family home. Once the meeting was completed I took the opportunity to thank the team for their support and help I also thanked my mentor for all the advise, help, guidance and support he had given to me. I felt that as a team we had developed a good package of care for Jane and also had helped to set in motion the chance for Jane to build a relationship with her family. However I was disappointed that Jane could not attend the meeting due to risk. I did speak to my mentor regarding this and he agreed with my thoughts. On returning to the ward, my mentor gave me the opportunity to reflect on the situation before handing over the outcome of the ward round to the on duty staff and Jane herself, it was understandable that Jane was unable to attend due to security policy, and hospital protocol and this was something that I would have to explain to Jane and make her aware of. Conclusion Writing this reflection made me aware about how members of a team can provide support and how this can help to provide a much better duty of care to service users. Communication played an important part in this learning experience. I believe that in nursing the ability to work in a team is one of the key elements. Furthermore, Sully and Dallas (2005) go on to say the reasons that enhance effective inter- professional team work is the clear goals that are set by the team to make the significant differences for the patient. When the members are competent, committed and know the expected standards of excellence that also enhance inter-professional team work. Team work between nurses and multidisciplinary team is important. Reflection 3 (learning within placement) This reflection will be on the nature of teaching and learning process within my practice placement. Some of the factors influencing a learning experience will be discussed and linked to known teaching and learning theories. Physical and psychosocial factors that affect the learning process will also be explored. To help facilitate this assignment, a reflective model (Gibbs model 1988) will be incorporated to discuss how I have achieved the necessary level of competence during the placement. To assist in the development of learning for future students, an action plan will be formulated from the issues recognised throughout this paper. Any names mentioned are fictitious in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Counsel Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008). During the initial discussion with my mentor (Alan), I was able to express what learning needs I wanted to develop throughout my time on this placement. we agreed to be in close contact for the initial four weeks and also that I would work with Alan to ensure I had as much one-to-one mentoring as possible. This was extremely beneficial as he could track my progress and provide me with guidance during the weeks (Chow Seun, 2001). At this point my learning was being promoted because he was skilled in student-led strategies. For example, he consistently explored my understanding of a task whilst providing support (Heron, 2001). I also felt positive about having the opportunity to develop a good relationship with him which is recognised as being beneficial to the learning process (Dix Hughes, 2004). According to Maslow (1971) the humanist theory of learning is concerned with feelings and experiences. My learning was definitely influenced by his positive attitude and manner, which, as suggested by Maslow leads to personal growth and individual fulfilment. During my time on placement it was clear that Alan was creating learning opportunities, such as attending MDT meetings, taking the lead role as care co-ordinator and offering resources at all times. I also found he was able to explain tasks clearly and to answer any questions that I had. This is something typically favoured by nurse educators (Li, 1997). My mentor was extremely approachable and would often demonstrate tasks with which I was unfamiliar, such as new assessments such as the START. Also if I was unclear on something he had asked me or if I did not know the answer to a question he had asked he would ask me to find out the information and then feed back to him. I found this an excellent way of building my knowledge. Alan would consistently enquire about my existing knowledge on a subject or task which helped me to perform thorough self-assessment, and to re-examine what I had already learnt, Neary (2000) states that revisiting areas that have already been studied can enhance cognitive learning. This is associated with a major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner (1996), who explains that learners are able to construct new concepts and ideas based upon their current or past knowledge. Feedback sessions were typically planned but were sometimes spontaneous. This was due to time restrictions and nurse workload. These unprompted sessions could perhaps be improved if they were more structured (Hinchliff, 1999). This is also supported by Quinn (2000) who believes that lesson planning is vital for learning because it ensures that all areas of learning are addressed, which results in higher productivity in terms of learning (ENB/DOH 2001). Morgan (2002) states that it is vital that qualified nurses ensure students become part of the team, because this can be beneficial to their learning. In addition, the NMC requires that nurses support the development of student nurses. This was evident because each member of staff readily contributed to my learning experience through their willingness to share their professional knowledge with me (NMC, 2007).   Conclusion. My placement has been a positive and memorable learning experience. Primarily I learnt by observation and role modelling whilst utilising cognitive processes.  Regular discussion is vital to ensure the learner is provided with some form of direction, as well as provide the opportunity to express any needs.   Planned and structured teaching sessions are particularly beneficial to the learner because they enable the mentor to teach a session logically, and to maximise learning efficiency by utilising time effectively. Multidisciplinary team members with the same level of knowledge as the main mentor are also preferable.   Additionally, factors influencing learning with regards to the physical learning environment are significant in the enhancement of learning for students, as stated in the action plan. Collaboration On-Going Assessment, Care Planning Skills Used. In-depth assessment tools like the START (see appendix 1) only offer a guide to areas requiring further discussion and any assessment of risk should include risk to others as well as to the individual and an individuals social, family, and environmental circumstance, also need considering, as well as the need for positive risk taking as part of the risk assessment process (DOH 1999, 1999a). However to make assessment, including risk assessment and management as valid and reliable as possible it is essential that care planning within mental health is collaborative (DOH 1991,1999, 1999a) and more recently the (DOH 2008), have published Refocusing the Care Programme Approach: Policy and Positive Practice Guidance to facilitate this. This need for collaboration is further supported by specific National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on care provision /or treatment for a variety of client groups specific disorders including: Schizophrenia (2002) which applies to Jane. As indicated, the (NMC 2008) also requires nurses to work with clients as partners; and there is widespread agreement that mental health service-users and their carers should be fully involved in care planning (Warner 2005) as this increases their satisfaction and engagement with services (Rose 2003). This involves identifying their preference regarding care; the START facilitated this by identifying Janes needs, as Janes key co-ordinator it was my (supervised) role to ensure that all due procedure was carried out regarding recording of the outcomes which also included the planning of therapeutic engagement. However, although I was aware of Janes paranoia, I also realised that to work with her effectively that I needed to put my personal feelings aside (Stuart 2005b) and on further reflection, I feel that I was eventually able to therapeutically work with Jane in her on-going assessment, which also needed me to utilize my observation skills (Barker, 2003, Ryrie Norman 2004, Stuart 2005b). This I feel also facilitated my engagement with Jane in the process of deciding together and with the team the best potential strategies to facilitate development of her on-going care-package. Theoretical knowledge and experience are required to make informed decisions in deciding a plan of action for patients (Stuart 2005a, NMC 2007/8, DOH 2004, 2006). This is supported by Wilkinson (2007) who argues that the nursing process promotes collaboration, for when team members have an organised approach, communication is good, and patient problems are prevented. Further the ability to transfer/adapt knowledge and skills, especially communication skills, based in self-awareness, mutual trust and understanding of each others roles facilitates effective collaboration with different people (staff, clients and carers) in different situations (Hadland 2004, NMC 2008, Onyett 2004, Stuart 2005a/b) and are required as one of the competencies identified by the DOH (2004) for mental health practitioners and for nurses (DOH 2006). The (NMC, 2008) also make it clear that nurses must always act on what they believe to be the service-users best interests, and the Healthcare Commissions (2005b) core standards emphasise the need for employers to ensure that employees follow their professional codes. As indicated MDT collaboration regarding Jane, began before the formal review meeting, however when I formally presented my initial and on-going assessment findings to the team, using guidelines from The New Ways of Working programme (DOH, 2005b), I came across barriers to collaboration with Jane. The fact that, due to legal and safety requirements of the environment (Mersey Care Risk Management Policy and Strategy, 2007; Best Practice Guidance for Risk, DOH, 2007) Jane was prevented from attending because the review was held in a non-secure area of the hospital. This lack of patient involvement by services was identified by the SCMHs (1998) Acute Problems report, which criticised in-patients services for lack of collaboration with patients and although the hospital provides an advocacy service for patients to overcome this to an extent, non was present for Jane. Conclusion As evidenced by my reflections I feel that I was effective in utilising the skills outlined above in respect of gaining Janes positive and collaborative engagement with me and the strategies agreed by the MDT. To help me develop my self-awareness and skills in relation to such issues, and those outlined above I found that keeping a reflective diary at this placement, was a crucial way of ensuring critical events that needed further review, to benefit my practice, would not be forgotten. Throughout my experience my mentor has proven to be a valuable resource and without his support I feel collaboration with both Jane and the MDT would have been significantly more difficult. In addition to my personal reflections and supervised experiences, which gave me the opportunity to better understand the roles of the other team members and helped create a collaborative partnership between people with varying knowledge, skills and perspectives (Hornby Atkins 2000; Nancarrow 2004), I feel that the opportunity for clinical supervision with my mentor has played an important part in my role development. Finally one specific criticism I have concerns the lack of collaboration with families and carers, as their involvement I feel was actively discouraged, unless clients gave their permission for this. The only information they were giving were visiting arrangements and telephone numbers. Although confidentiality has to be considered, the family were never invited to the MDT meeting. To work effectively in partnership with service-users and carers, it is essential that we are able to form and sustain relationships and offer meaningful choice (Care Services Improvement Partnership/National Institute for Mental Health in England, DOH, 2005). If true collaboration is to be achieved family and carer involvement must be advocated as far possible and their needs must be considered in line with the 1990 Carer (Recognition and Services) Act. Appendix one There is a small but significant group of severely mentally ill people who have multiple, long-term needs and who cannot or do not wish to engage with services. Unless engagement is achieved and people in the group are provided with safe and effective services, they will continue to face social exclusion. Public confidence in services is determined partly by the adequacy of services for this group. Staff must be able to provide a range of services within the team and access other services across a wide group of agencies. In order to achieve this it will be necessary for the relevant agencies locally to come together to prepare and implement a specific plan for the group. The task for the staff and agencies involved is to tackle the social exclusion of this client group. Unless this is done it will be difficult to achieve positive outcomes in either health or social functioning. The Review underpins this analysis with six key findings supporting 15 recommendations. The six key findings: 1 There must be a strategic approach to the needs of the client group both nationally and locally Each Health Authority should set up an inter-agency strategy group to plan and monitor provision for the group (Recommendation 1). Its first tasks will be to establish a local definition of the group, to commission a needs assessment, to benchmark local services, and to develop a plan for services. 2 Assertive outreach is the core function required from mental health services in relation to the client group All Health Authorities with a sufficient client-base (i.e. 100-150 people) should create one or more assertive outreach teams to take the lead in engaging with the client group (Recommendation 2). Where the client-base is too small to justify this, other appropriate arrangements should be made to deliver the assertive outreach function. 3 A human resource plan is required to enable the implementation of assertive outreach The lead agencies should agree a set of core criteria for the selection of staff to work with the client group (Recommendation 3) based on those suggested by this Review. Teams will require a range of expertise so that individual team members can act as resources for the team as a whole (Recommendation 4). Training strategies must also be developed and implemented (Recommendation 5). 4 Teams must be effectively managed Managers of front-line staff must be visible to staff and accountable for service delivery (Recommendation 6). Team members must have protected caseloads of around 10-15 clients (Recommendation 7). 5 Teams must develop a style of working which matches the n

Functional Areas of Organization

Functional Areas of Organization INTRODUCTION: Organisations are built about a group of functions, each of which provides support for the operations of the business. Functional departments each serve a specific purpose with an organisation to achieve its objectives. The most common functional areas of an organisation discussed below. Information need is an individual or groups desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. The information and need in information need are inseparable interconnection. Information needs are related to, but distinct from information requirements. An example is that a need is hunger, the requirement is food. In large organizations, each of the functional departments may be separate, whereas smaller organizations may have integrated departments. Different functional areas of an organization are: Sales Purchase Manufacturing Marketing Finance Human resource Administration Comparison Contrasting Sales The sales team deal with customers and generate orders. The technioques used to generate sales varies between organisation,but some of the most common are telephone,door-to-door sales,advertising,and direct sales through representatives. Purchase The purchasing department is responsible for monitoring how many products or stock is required at any one time and buying accordingly. Manufacturing Depending on the type of organisation, one of the functional departments may be manufacturing, who would deal with all of the processing of product service. Marketing The marketing department advertise and promote the products or service of the organisation. In some case, it may be integrated with the sales function. Finance The primary function of the finance department is to ensure that there is financial stability within an organisation and a steady cash flow to support day-to-day transactions. Human resource The role of human resources is to provide support to the employees of an organisation. The primary function is to ensure the welfare of staff, by giving advice, guidance and motivation to enable them to work productively. Administration The administration function is integral to almost all organisations. Administrative staff works in all departments within organisations. Purchase: The purchasing department may also be responsible for buying in consumable products, such as stationery, to support the other functional departments within the organisation. Sales: the sales department may also provide supporting functions to other departments, particularly if the organisation does not have a dedeicated marketing or customer service department. Manufacturing : Large national or multi-national organisations offering a diverse range of products or services would certainly need a manufacturing department to spearhead product developments. Marketing: The marketing department will be involved in the few activities. Such as designing developing promotional materials, organising marketing events, likely launches and campaigns. Developing websites Finance: The finance department is responsible for payment and transaction, investments, accounting procedures, budges and forecasting Human resource: Human resource departments are also responsible for overseeing the recruitment of staff and the payroll as well as resignations and redundancies. Administration: Organising meetings, taking minutes, audio and touch typing and letter writing are some of the day to day tasks an office administrator undertakes.

Using RFID Technology to Replace Bar Codes and Scanners in the Harley-D

Overview of the Case Study Harley-Davidson (H-D) and other companies that have many manufacturing plants or production units and various dealerships may consider implementing RFID technology as a means of increasing the efficiency of all parts of its supply chain. An abstract from Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia describes Radio-frequency identification (RFID), as a technology that uses radio waves to transmit data and uniquely identify an animal, person or thing. This case study looks at the potential use of RFID technology to replace bar codes and scanners in Harley-Davidson supply chain. It indentifies some pros and cons of its implementation and addresses the question – What are some of the issues Harley-Davidson will face in comparison with those experienced by other companies such as Wall-Mart when they tried to implement RFID in their supply chains. Finally it will present a timetable for the adoption of RFID technology by Harley-Davidson in its supply chain. Problem Statement â€Å"It was over a period of several years, Harley-Davidson reduced its number of suppliers from 4000 to fewer than 350† (Schneider, 2009), despite this reduction, it still has a significant spread of its operations. For a company incorporating such a supply chain in its sales of motorcycles and related product yearly, reducing or maintaining costs is very important. In such a situation the need to find more efficient ways to conduct the various aspects of the business in its supply chain is ongoing. â€Å"The part of an industry value chain that precedes a particular strategic business unit is often called a supply chain† (Schneider 2009), p. 230. Harley-Davidson supply chain will include all the companies involved in the design, production, ... ...and-Held-2D-Bar code-Scanner---Advantages-and-Disadvantages http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Bill_Field Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com Radio-frequency Identification (10/1/2009) Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition p1-1,1p Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com Database: Primary Search Roberti, M. (n.d.) New to RFID Journal, Welcome to RFID Journal http://www.rfidjournal.com/ Schneider, G. (2009). BUS 107 Electronic Commerce (8th edition) Course Technology, Cengage Learning, Strayer University Technologies: RFID/ What is RFID? http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/RFID/what_is_rfid.asp TIBCO’s Solution for RFID implementation and integration http://www.hoffmanmarcom.com/docs/rfid_whitepaper-updated.pdf Works Cited `Schneider, G. (2009). BUS 107 Electronic Commerce (8th edition) Course Technology, Cengage Learning, Strayer University

Do Sentences Have Identity? :: Equiformity Language Composition Papers

Do Sentences Have Identity? We study here equiformity, the standard identity criterion for sentences. This notion was put forward by Lesniewski, mentioned by Tarski and defined explicitly by Presburger. At the practical level this criterion seems workable but if the notion of sentence is taken as a fundamental basis for logic and mathematics, it seems that this principle cannot be maintained without vicious circle. It seems also that equiformity has some semantical features ; maybe this is not so clear for individual signs but sentences are often considered as meaningful combinations of signs. If meaning has to play a role, we are thus maybe in no better position than when dealing with identity criterion for propositions. In formal logic, one speaks rather about well-formed formulas, but closed formulas are called sentences because they are meaningful in the sense that they can be true or false. Formulas look better like mathematical objects than material inscriptions and equiformity does not seem to apply to t hem. Various congruencies can be considered as identities between formulas and in particular "to have the same logical form". One can say that the objects of study of logic are rather logical forms than sentences conceived as material inscriptions. 1. What is equiformity? Some logicians have rejected propositions in favour of sentences, arguing in particular that there is no satisfactory identity criterion for propositions (cf. Quine, 1970). But is there one for sentences? The idea that logic is about sentences rather than propositions and that sentences are nothing more that material inscriptions was already developed by Lesniewski, who also saw immediately the main difficulty of this conception and introduced the notion of equiformity to solve it. His attitude his well described in a footnote of one of Tarski’s famous early papers: As already explained, sentences are here regarded as material objects (inscriptions). (...) It is not always possible to form the implication of two sentences (they may occur in widely separated places). In order to simplify matters we have (...) committed an error; this consists in identifying equiform sentences (as S. Lesniewski calls them). This error can be removed by interpreting S as the set of all types of sentences (and not of sentences) and by modifying in an analogous manner the intuitive sense of other primitve concepts. In this connexion by the type of a sentence x we understand the set of all sentences which are equiform with x.

Yakult

Yakult was established in Japan in 1930. Their core product is YakultProbiotics fermented milk which was proved to help people’s health and wellness, as well asnice complexion and a slim form. Yakult entered Vietnam in 2006 (Yakult Vietnam) and theyhave just made their sales since June 2008. Up to now, the business operations do not live up to expectation due to their incompetentmarketing and promotional activities. As a consequence, this report was composed to analyzeYakult Vietnam’s current situation, and recommend feasible marketing strategies to help themincrease their sales in Ho Chi Minh City market in particular. Continue Depressive Nowadays, almost everyone had heard Yakult. In our view, Yakult is an extremely famous beverages company. However, how can we imagine this small beverage can be an international product at the start? We believed that one of the successful reasons is their marketing strategies, say, Yakult place various advertisements, regularly and develop different flavor in different countries. Therefore, we are trying to find out what marketing strategies they are using in Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore, also what are the advantages and disadvantages of these marketing strategies. What is Yakult? Yakult is a fermented milk drink made by fermenting skim milk powder and sugar with the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain. This bacterium helps to replenish the good bacteria in the small intestine, ensuring that our digestive system works efficiently and effectively. Is Yakult artificially coloured? No. The colour of Yakult is naturally acquired when the skim milk powder and sugar are heated together at high temperatures, prior to fermentation. Are there any preservatives in Yakult? No. The product is preserved naturally by the lactic acid produced by the bacteria Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain during fermentation. What is the shelf life of Yakult? The shelf life of Yakult is 45 days from the day of manufacture. The use-by-date can be found in two places: †¢On the back of our product packaging. †¢On the top of the foil cap on each individual bottle. 1. What is Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain? Lactobacillus casei are beneficial bacteria, which reach the intestines alive to favourably alter the balance of bacteria in the digestive system. Our unique, patented â€Å"Shirota Strain† is exceptionally acid resistant. It easily survives the journey through the gastric juices and bile acids produced during digestion to arrive alive in our intestine, helping to keep our digestive system working efficiently What is the role of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain? †¢To help normalise the balance of intestinal flora. †¢To assist in regulating the peristaltic movement (natural rhythm) of the bowel. †¢To help reduce detrimental substances produced by harmful bacteria. 3. How many bacteria are in a bottle of Yakult? There are 6. 5 billion Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain in every 65ml bottle of Yakult If drinking Yakult for a long time, can the Yakult strain of bacteria become a permanent resident of the small intestine? No. Ingested bacteria cannot become a permanent resident of the human intestine. Ingested bacteria stays in the intestine for a short period of time before being excreted. To maintain a balance of intestinal flora, the bacteria need to be replenished on a regular basis. Is there anyone who should not drink Yakult? Any individuals that experience allergies to cow's milk protein or those with sensitivity to citrus should not drink Yakult. 2. Is Yakult suitable for people with diabetes? Yes. People with diabetes can enjoy Yakult and Yakult LIGHT as part of a healthy diet. Despite the amount of sugar in Yakult and Yakult LIGHT (refer Nutrition section), the type of sugar used enters the blood gradually and does not significantly increase blood glucose levels. This means that both products have a low Glycaemic Index (GI). †¢Yakult GI = 46 (Low) †¢Yakult LIGHT GI = 36 (Low) How much sugar is in Yakult? There are 11. 4 grams of sugar per 65mL bottle of Yakult, which is equivalent to two heaped teaspoons. Yakult LIGHT contains 7. 1 grams of sugar per 65mL bottle. There are a number of reasons why sugar is in Yakult: †¢Some sugar is added prior to fermentation for the bacteria to use as fuel. This enables them to grow and multiply. †¢After fermentation, some sugar is added to provide an energy source for the duration of the 45-day shelf life of the product. †¢A small quantity of sugar is also added for taste. This is because the bacteria produce lactic acid resulting in a slightly sour taste. Sweetener (955), known as sucralose, is added to Yakult LIGHT for taste. 1. How many calories/kilojoules per bottle? There are 51 calories or 213 kilojoules per bottle of Yakult. This is about the same energy content as a medium apple. Yakult LIGHT contains 35 calories or 149 kilojoules per bottle. 2. Is there any fat or cholesterol in Yakult? No. Yakult is fat free and cholesterol free because it is made from skim milk powder. Yakult is worth 0. 5 points on the Weight Watchers 1,2,3 point system. 3. Can Yakult replace milk for calcium intake? No. Yakult contains only a small amount of calcium because there is only a small amount of skim milk powder in Yakult. Such a small volume (65mL) means that it cannot be substituted for milk as a source of calcium. Who discovered Yakult? Dr Shirota discovered the Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain more than 70 years ago. He then incorporated this unique bacteria into a fruity tasty drink which he called Yakult. Named in honour of Dr Shirota’s discovery, this unique beneficial bacteria is known to contribute to digestive balance and is enjoyed daily by more than 25 million eople worldwide. Yakult’s Shirota strain: †¢ Is resistant to stomach acids and reaches the intestines alive †¢ Controls levels of harmful bacteria †¢ Helps maintain digestive balance †¢ Replenishes the number of good bacteria that may have been depleted by antibiotics, stress, natural ageing, or poor food and drink choices. †¢ Helps regulate bowel movements †¢ Helps boost natu ral immunity; particularly when you’re run down. Yakult is: †¢ Gluten free †¢ Fat free †¢ Cholesterol free †¢ Low Lactose (1g/bottle) †¢ Low GI – Yakult GI = 46, Yakult LIGHT GI = 36 Yakult contains: †¢ NO artificial colours †¢ NO artificial flavours †¢ NO preservatives Plus, only Yakult contains the live, beneficial Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain. There are two types of Yakult cultured milk drink. One is with the red cap while the other is with the blue cap (as shown above in the photo). The blue cap is the less sugar drink while the red cap is the original flavor and the blue cap is a little bit more expensive compare to the red cap bottle. The sugar level in the original flavor Yakult drink is similar to the sugar level in an apple. Probiotics is a dietary supplement of live bacteria or yeast that is considered to be healthy for the host organism. They are inteded to assist the body’s gut flora, a naturally occurring ecology of microbes, to re-establish themselves. There are claims that probiotics strengthen the immune system against allergies, excess alcohol intake, stress, exposure to toxic substances and some diseases. Depending on the strain, there are benefits such as prevention of colon cancer, lowering cholesterol, blood pressure and many others. Yakult Honsha Co. , Ltd was established in Japan in 1930. Their core product is YakultProbiotics fermented milk which was proved to help people’s health and wellness, as well asnice complexion and a slim form. Yakult entered Vietnam in 2006 (Yakult Vietnam) and theyhave just made their sales since June 2008. Up to now, the business operations do not live up to expectation due to their incompetentmarketing and promotional activities. As a consequence, this report was composed to analyzeYakult Vietnam’s current situation, and recommend feasible marketing strategies to help themincrease their sales in Ho Chi Minh City market in particular.